Internet of Things概念

在物聯之前...
物理基礎建設與IT基礎建設是不互聯的世界。除非…

網路從虛擬走向現實

物聯網通過訊息技術、傳感技術把物質世界和電子世界連接起來，實現現實世界和虛擬世界的融合。(Seamless integration of physical things into information Networks, i.e. connecting objects and information about them - real world to information – to the Internet.)

• 物聯網的英文名稱為“The Internet of Things”，由該名稱可見物聯網就是“物物相連的互聯網”。這有兩層意思：第一，物聯網的核心和基礎仍然是互聯網，是在互聯網基礎之上的延伸和擴展的一種網路；第二，其用戶端延伸擴展到了任何物品與物品之間進行資訊交換和通信。
• 物聯網的本質概括起來主要體現在三個方面：一是互聯網特徵，即對需要聯網的物一定要能夠實現互聯互通的互聯網路；二是識別與通信特徵，即納入物聯網的“物”一定要具備自動識別與物物通信(M2M)的功能；三是智慧化特徵，即網路系統應具有自動化、自我回饋與智慧控制的特點。
• 物聯網的定義是通過射頻識別裝置、紅外感應器、 全球定位系統、雷射掃描器等資訊傳感設備，依規範協定把任何物品與互聯網相連接，進行資訊交換和通信以實現智慧化識別、定位、跟蹤、監控和管理的一種網路。 

IoT也就是個M2M world



0'10" 植物聯網
0'40" 車載資訊聯網
1'10" 醫療資訊聯網 (看到1'28"即可)



Intellistreets lights

更多Sensors整合、更多資訊交流，也就能讓IoT世界逐步成形。譬如CityDashboard展現了一個城市目前就可以整合起來的資訊儀表板：

0'10" 1960年代開始的Internet，現在已經將10憶人連結起來了。
0'32" Internet只連結電腦手機等設備，就已經完全改變人們的社交網絡。
0'44" Internet of Things則是要連結所有的東西
1'00" 譬如鞋子、衣服、玩具
1'48" 到2010年有50億個東西連網了、而2020年將有500億個東西連網



然後，也會超越一兆(Trillions)個東西連網


IoT的市場預估可進一步參考這篇"Internet of Things Market Forecast"

智慧交通的應用

交通事故自動通報...



1'43" Journey Time Prediction
1'57" Driver Behaviour
2'15" Traffic Incident System




譬如公車動態資訊就是IoT的開始...



安全智能公交系統

譬如Google Maps的即時路況功能 (API)，也是IoT的開始。Google在部落格中指出，其作法是透過結合同一條路上諸多行動電話用的行進速度，甚或橫跨全市任何特定時間數千支手機的移動資料，便可清楚得知當下實際交通狀況。

譬如中國商務租約車平台若在具有IoT的環境下，或許就能做到更即時的服務。

 

Streetline ParkSight

Smart Social Bike Sharing: SoBi

智能視覺物聯網

Robot Readable World



Public Face Detection: Chicago Faces



智能視覺物聯網 (中國科學院生物辨識與安全技術研究中心)

利用各類圖像獲取傳感器，包括監控攝像機、手機、數碼相機，獲取人、車、物圖像或視頻，並採用智能分析技術對視覺信息進行處理，為後續利用提供支撐。

SightMachine

智能視覺也不全然就是要用來做監控，還是可以看看有趣的應用：
Color Forecast: Real-time color trends

智慧生活的應用

先看一段介紹最基本的IoT在生活上可能的應用...



下列是SmartThing創業說明影片



下列兩段影片以擬人化方式呈現未來智慧家庭的所有東西可能的運作方式



以下是雛形系統示範


更多資訊參閱ERICSSON User Experience Lab.



不過，或許像Lively這種利基市場產品更有機會開拓出新市場
"Tighten the connection between older adults living independently and their families"

智慧辦公室的應用

讓印表機自己告訴我們沒紙了...



Asset Tracking

醫療保健的應用

先看一段介紹最基本的IoT在健康照護的應用...



下列mHealth影片有哪些是IoT的實現呢?



Wireless Asthma Inhaler: Chameleon



LUMO - Posture Sensing



Wifi body scale by withings

休閒運動的應用

Golf Club Sensor System: Game Golf



Golf Glove Sensors: GolfSense



Shoe Sensors: Nike + Basketball



ICEdot crash sensor



PingPong: what if your table tennis table keeps score?

智慧商店的應用

1'00" 智慧貨架的展示



LibeLium - Smartphone Detection & MotionLoft - Storefront Analytics

Navizon Analytics - Traffic Analysis Everywhere (0'32")

智慧工廠的應用

1'35" 生產線監控



Wireless Condition Monitoring System



Essential Asset Monitoring - Pump Demonstration (3'23")

智慧農業的應用

The Silent Herdsman platform

智慧農村

中國移動杭州分公司聯合浙江大學等單位，打造農業信息化示範基地。包括遠程水質監控、品控管理、基地温度監測、智慧生產管理、安防監控、溯源服務等。

RFID F2F fish, wine, cheese and meat traceability ( insure quality & product safety )

室內定位的應用

Indoor location tracking by Navizon



Installation and Configuration (1'20")



其他室內定位系統示範 - IndoorAtlas' indoor location technology (1'30")



其他室內定位系統示範 - YFind Positioning System



其他室內定位系統示範 - GAB RTLS Indoor Navigation



其他室內定位系統示範 - SenionLab Indoor Positioning



阿里巴巴RFID智能展位

• 系統發卡，人員信息導入數據庫
• 人員定位，定位精度在實際中達到2~3米
• 展位人流量實時統計功能
• 展位觀眾停留時間實時統計功能
• 觀眾參展軌跡查詢功能，如到過哪些展位，停留時間
• 展位觀眾信息查詢功能，如行業分佈、地域分佈等
• 觀眾對展位興趣度分析

可歸類於"微"物聯網

TickTock: what if your clock displays your calendar?

Smart umbrella stand hack

TZOA Enviro-Tracker: Connect With Your Environment

Facebook Hangers 

Plumbing Sensors: HydroPoint 360

Zuvo Water

Bluetooth Battery: Tethercell

Smart Laundry Sensors: LaundryQb

Smart Utensil: HAPIfork


Pantelligent: Intelligent Pan - Cook Everything Perfectly






Qi teamaker- an innovative brewing experience




Wifi Smart Pen: Sky

Wireless Pressure: T.Jacket

聲控打呼枕 (就差加上聯網功能)

有些沒列在上面跟大家說明的例子，可以再看看下列Kickstart成功產品或演講內容：

• Internet of Things and Kickstarter
• The Internet in Things - Taking the Web to the Everyday, Martin Spindler, Internet of People

技術 - IoT Communication

以下內容引用自Postsacpes - Trcking the Tnternet of Things，另外也建議相關課程可參考輔仁大學資工系IoT課程介紹網路層的教材。

	RFID - ISO/IEC Standards list Description: "A radio-frequency identification system uses tags, or labels attached to the objects to be identified. Two-way radio transmitter-receivers called interrogators or readers send a signal to the tag and read its response. The readers generally transmit their observations to a computer system running RFID software or RFID middleware. RFID tags can be either passive, active or battery assisted passive. An active tag has an on-board battery and periodically transmits its ID signal. A battery assisted passive (BAP) has a small battery on board and is activated when in the presence of a RFID reader." - Overview video Frequency: 120–150 kHz (LF), 13.56 MHz (HF), 433 MHz (UHF), 865-868 MHz (Europe)902-928 MHz (North America) UHF, 2450-5800 MHz (microwave), 3.1–10 GHz (microwave) Range: 10cm to 200m Examples: Road tolls, Building Access, Inventory
	EnOcean - ISO/IEC 14543-3-10 (Alliance) Description: "The EnOcean technology is an energy harvesting wireless technology used primarily in building automation systems; but is also applied to other applications in industry, transportation, logistics and smart homes. Modules based on EnOcean technology combine micro energy converters with ultra low power electronics and enable wireless communications between batteryless wireless sensors, switches, controllers and gateways." - Overview Video Frequency: 315 MHz, 868 MHz, 902 MHz Range: 300m Outdoor, 30m Indoors Examples: Wireless switches, sensors and controls
	NFC - ISO/IEC 18092 and ISO/IEC 14443-2,3,4,  JIS X6319-4 Description: "NFC is a set of short-range wireless technologies, typically requiring a distance of 10 cm or less. NFC operates at 13.56 MHz on ISO/IEC 18000-3 air interface and at rates ranging from 106 kbit/s to 424 kbit/s. NFC always involves an initiator and a target; the initiator actively generates an RF field that can power a passive target. This enables NFC targets to take very simple form factors such as tags, stickers, key fobs, or cards that do not require batteries. NFC peer-to-peer communication is possible, provided both devices are powered" Frequency: 13.56 MHz Range: < 0.2 m Examples: Smart Wallets/Cards, Action Tags, Access Control
	Bluetooth (SIG) Description: "Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances (using short-wavelength radio transmissions in the ISM band from 2400–2480 MHz) from fixed and mobile devices, creating personal area networks (PANs) with high levels of security." - Overview Video Frequency: 2.4GHz Range: 1-100m Examples: Hands-free headsets, key dongles, fitness trackers
	WiFi  (Alliance) Description: "Wi-Fi is a technology that allows an electronic device to exchange data wirelessly (using radio waves) over a computer network, including high-speed Internet connections. The Wi-Fi Alliance defines Wi-Fi as any "wireless local area network (WLAN) products that are based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers' (IEEE) 802.11 standards" - 802.11a/b/g/n/af, WiFi Direct, WPS - Overview video Frequency: 2.4 GHz, 3.6 GHz and 4.9/5.0 GHz bands. Range: Common range is up to 100m but can be extended. Applications: Routers, Tablets, etc
	Weightless (SIG) Description: "Weightless is a proposed proprietary open wireless technology standard for exchanging data between a base station and thousands of machines around it using White space (wavelength radio transmissions in unoccupied TV transmission channels) with high levels of security." - Overview video Frequency: Varies with legislation (470 – 790MHz) Range: Up to 10km Data Rates: 1kbits/s to 10Mbits/s Examples: Smart meters, traffic sensors, industrial monitoring
	GSM (Association) Description: "GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is an open, digital cellular technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data services. Terrestrial GSM networks now cover more than 90% of the world’s population. GSM satellite roaming has also extended service access to areas where terrestrial coverage is not available." - Overview video Frequency: Europe: 900MHz & 1.8GHz, US: 1.9GHz & 850MHz, Full List can be found here. Data Rate: 9.6 kbps Examples: Cell phones, M2M, smart meter, asset tracking
	Additional: 3G  4G LTE ANT Dash7 Ethernet GPRS PLC / Powerline QR Codes, EPC WiMax X-10  802.15.4 Z-Wave Zigbee  Physical Hyperlinks

技術 - DIY Hardware

Below is a list of some popular boards and development platforms to help you with your  latest DIY project or prototype. PanStamps Description: panStamps are small wireless modules programmable from the Arduino IDE. Each module contains an Atmega328p MCU and a Texas Instruments CC1101 RF interface, providing the necessary connectivity and processing power to create autonomous low-power wireless motes. TinyDuino Description: The TinyCircuits TinyDuino is an Arduino compatible board in an ultra compact package. Imagine the possibilities of having the full power of an Arduino Uno in a size less than a quarter!  Arduino Uno Description: Arduino is an open-source electronics prototyping platform based on flexible, easy-to-use hardware and software. It's intended for artists, designers, hobbyists, and anyone interested in creating interactive objects or environments.  RFduino Description: A finger-tip sized, Arduino compatible, wireless enabled microcontroller, low cost enough to leave in all of your projects!  XinoRF Description: The XinoRF is an Arduino UNO R3 compatible electronics development board with an onboard 2-wayCiseco SRF data radio, which supports over-the-air programming. See Also: RFµ-328 Ciseco: OpenKontrol Gateway Description: The OpenKontrol Gateway is the product everyone (including us) has been eagerly waiting for. It supports WiFi, low power RF (many types), Ethernet and Bluetooth. It's designed to be used 24 hours a day so it's incredibly low power at just half a watt (based on XRF radio, XV wifi module, SD, RTC and SRAM). Pinoccio Description: A wireless, web-ready microcontroller with WiFi, LiPo battery, & built-in radio. An API to get your board talking to the Web right out of the box. Raspberry Pi Description: The Raspberry Pi is a single-board computer developed in the UK by the Raspberry Pi Foundation. The Raspberry Pi is a credit-card sized computer that plugs into your TV and a keyboard. It's a capable little PC which can be used for many of the things that your desktop PC does. BeagleBone Black Description: BeagleBone Black is a community-supported development platform for developers and hobbyists. Boot Linux in under 10 seconds and get started on development in less than 5 minutes with just a single USB cable. CubieBoard Description: The Cubieboard is a new Allwinner A10 based developer board, with a very wide range of IO options. The board is set apart by offering SATA and an extended pin interface for low level access to the SOC. Arduino Due Description: The Due is Arduino's first ARM-based Arduino development board. This board is based on a powerful 32bit CortexM3 ARM microcontroller made programmable through the familiar Arduino IDE. mbed - LPC1768 Description: The mbed Microcontrollers are a series of ARM microcontroller development boards designed for rapid prototyping. The platform includes a standards-based C/C++ SDK, a microcontroller HDK and supported development boards. pcDuino Description: pcDuino  is a high performance, cost effective mini PC platform that runs PC like OS such as Ubuntu and Android ICS. The platform could run full blown PC like OS with easy to use tool chain and compatible with the popular Arduino ecosystem such as Arduino Shield.  OpenPicus Flyport WiFi Description: Flyport is a powerful and low-cost system on module (SOM) with embedded Internet connectivity. Flyport transforms a sensor into an internet datalogger, a simple relay - into a remote controlled automation and much more. Hackberry Description: Based on the popular 1.2Ghz ARM Allwinner A10, the Hackberry A10 developer board is a powerful, hackable Android / Linux PC. The Hackberry A10 has both WiFi and Ethernet. UDOO Description: UDOO is a multi development platform solution for Android, Linux, Arduino™ and Google ADK 2012. The board is designed to provide a flexible environment that allows to explore the new frontiers of the Internet of Things. Libelium Wasmote Description: Waspmote is an open source wireless sensor platform specially focused on the implementation of low consumption modes to allow the sensor nodes ("motes") to be completely autonomous and battery powered, offering a variable lifetime between 1 and 5 years depending on the duty cycle and the radio used. The Rascal Description: The Rascal is a small computer that you can use to monitor and control the world remotely. It's like the brains of an iPhone, without the corporate overlord. The Rascal is powerful enough to handle real web traffic, but you don't have to be a professional electrical engineer to use one.

技術 - Using HTML5 and mbed for the Internet of Things

技術 - Build the Internet of Things with Force.com

2'22" iDigi Device Cloud與Force.com介接架構

技術 - Visual Programming for the Internet of Things

2'00" Tostor的程式邏輯也是堆積木般的設計介面

更多參考資訊...

Internet of Things Examples

Postscapes - Tracking the Internet of Things

歐洲在IoT方面的資訊介紹彙整

歐洲在IoT方面的研究計畫彙整